human fibrosarcoma cells  (ATCC)

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Multimodal profiling of CAR T cells against glioblastoma using a microengineered 3D tumor-on-a-chip model

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Off-target cytotoxicity evaluation of CAR T cells using the 3D GOC system. A) Schematic representation of the differing cytolytic mechanisms of UTD, TV-13, and IL-13 CAR T cells against IL13Rα1 + HT-1080 tumor cells. Created with BioRender.com . B) Flow cytometric analysis confirming IL13Rα1 and mCherry (reporter gene) expression on IL13Rα1 + HT-1080 tumor cells. Antigen expression (IL13Rα1 or mCherry) on viable tumor cells shown in histograms: blue for IL13Rα1 + HT-1080 tumor cells and red for control tumor cells. The values within each histogram indicate the percentage of positive cells, with the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) shown in parentheses. C) Microfluidic evaluation of off-target toxicities of T cells. (i) Representative tile images of tumor-stroma interface stained for actin cytoskeleton (green), showing differences in migration of IL13R1 + HT-1080 tumor cells (red) within the 3D GOC model across varying densities of UTD, TV-13 CAR, and IL-13 CAR T cells. (ii) Quantification of the migration distance of the IL13Rα1 + HT-1080 tumor cells in response to varying T cell concentrations. Data are represented as mean ± SD measured from three biological replicates ( n = 3) , T cell donors: DN18, DN28, and DN31, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗ ∗p < 0.0001. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test was utilized for statistical analysis. (iii) Bar graph showing the difference in nuclei per field of view (FOV) across different T cell densities, used as a measure of chain migration by IL13Rα1 + HT-1080 tumor cells. Data are represented as mean ± SD measured from three biological replicates ( n = 3) , T cell donors: DN18, DN28, and DN31, ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test was utilized for statistical analysis, and (iv) Bar graph representing the percentage of T cells positive for intracellular cytokines in the presence of IL13Rα1 + HT-1080 tumor cells. Data are represented as mean ± SD measured from three biological replicates ( n = 3) , ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ ∗p < 0.0001. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test was utilized for statistical analysis.

Article Snippet: HT-1080 Culture : Human fibrosarcoma cells (CCL-121, ATCC or HT-1080) were used to generate an off-target cell line (IL13Rα1 + HT-1080) expressing IL13Rα1-T2A-mCherry gene, which was single-sorted for the experiments described here.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Control, Fluorescence, Staining, Migration

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Living Cells Employ Ubiquitin-Proteasomal System and Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathways to Remove Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks (ROS-DPCs)

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.06.704426

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) H 2 O 2 induces DPCs in vitro . Recombinant high mobility group box 2 protein (HMGB2) (500 pmol) was incubated with biotinylated double-stranded a 69-mer DNA duplex (250 pmol) in the absence or in the presence of H 2 O 2 (0.1,1 or 5 mM) in 100 mM NH 4 CO 3 (pH 8) for 3 h at 37 °C. Proteins and DPCs were separated using the 4-12% NuPAGE SDS-PAGE gel and stained with SimplyBlue stain. (B) H 2 O 2 induces cell death . HT1080 cells were treated with 50, 100, 250, or 300 μM H 2 O 2 for 1 or 4 h. Cell death as a function of time and concentration was determined using the alamar blue cell viability assay. (C) N-acetyl-L-cysteine ((NAC) blocks H 2 O 2- induced DPCs in cells : HT1080 cells were pre-treated with N-Ac-Cys) a day prior to H 2 O 2 exposure at indicated concentrations, followed by the K-SDS assay to quantify DPC levels. DPCs were quantified using the Promega QuantiFluor dsDNA assay. Data were analyzed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p < 0.05, *: p -value < 0.05, **: p -value < 0.01, ***: p -value < 0.001). Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from three independent biological replicates. (D) DPC repair time course in HT1080 cells . Cells were exposed to 200 μM H 2 O 2 for 1 h, followed by quenching with excess N-Ac-Cys. Cells were washed with PBS and placed in fresh media for the indicated times. DPCs were quantified via the K-SDS assay. DPC levels at the end of designated recovery times were compared to the DPC level at T0 (DPCs in treated cells). Data were analyzed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p < 0.05, *: p -value < 0.05, **: p -value < 0.01, ***: p -value < 0.001). Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from three independent biological replicates.

Article Snippet: Human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells ( ) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; CCL-121, https://www.atcc.org/ ).

Techniques: In Vitro, Recombinant, Incubation, SDS Page, Staining, Concentration Assay, Viability Assay, dsDNA Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Living Cells Employ Ubiquitin-Proteasomal System and Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathways to Remove Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks (ROS-DPCs)

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.06.704426

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A ) SPRTN deficient cells are sensitized to ROS . MEFs were exposed to H 2 O 2 -containing media (0, 50, 100, 250, and 300 µM H 2 O 2 ). Viability was determined using an alamar blue assay. % Cell deaths were computed by comparing cell count in treatment conditions relative to the untreated controls. Data is represented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates. (B) . SPRTN is involved in ROS-DPC repair and requires DPC ubiquitination . Untreated and H 2 O 2 -treated MEFs (0 or 200 µM for 1h) before or after pre-treatment with the inhibitor of ubiquitin activating enzyme 1, TAK-243 (10 µM), were processed using a K-SDS assay to isolate DPC-associated DNA. Data are represented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Analysis was performed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p -value < 0.05). The asterisks indicate t-test p -values from one-way ANOVA with * p -value < 0.05, ** p -value < 0.01, *** p -value < 0.001, and **** p -value < 0.00001. (C) Ubiquitin-Proteasomal pathway facilitates ROS-DPC removal in human cells . HT0180 cells were pre-treated with 10 µM TAK243, MG132 (26S proteasomal subunit inhibitor), or their combination in the presence of 0 or 200 µM H 2 O 2 for 1 h before H 2 O 2 treatments. Following the H 2 O 2 quenching and a second PBS wash of the cells, DPC-associated DNA was isolated immediately using a K-SDS assay and quantified using Promega QuantiFluor dsDNA assay to assess DPC levels. Data are represented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Analysis was performed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p -value < 0.05). The asterisks indicate t-test p -values from one-way ANOVA with * p -value < 0.05, ** p -value < 0.01, *** p -value < 0.001, and **** p -value < 0.00001. (D) Western blot analysis confirms ubiquitination of H 2 O 2 -induced DPCs in HT1080 cells . Following treatment of the HT1080 cells with 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mM H 2 O 2 for 1 h, and DPCs were extracted by the RADAR assay. Samples were normalized by DNA amount. Proteins from 30 µg of DNA were digested with Nuclease P1, separated by SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Western blotting was performed using a primary antibody against ubiquitin.

Article Snippet: Human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells ( ) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; CCL-121, https://www.atcc.org/ ).

Techniques: Alamar Blue Assay, Cell Characterization, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Isolation, dsDNA Assay, Western Blot, SDS Page

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Living Cells Employ Ubiquitin-Proteasomal System and Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathways to Remove Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks (ROS-DPCs)

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.06.704426

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A). Replication and transcription facilitate the repair of ROS-DPCs . HT1080 cells were pre-treated with 10 μM of the replication inhibitor APH or the transcription inhibitor Act D for 24 h prior to H 2 O 2 exposure (200 μM for 1 hour). DPCs were detected by the K-SDS assay. Data are represented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Analysis was performed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p -value < 0.05). The asterisks indicate t-test p -values from one-way ANOVA with * p -value < 0.05, ** p -value < 0.01, *** p -value < 0.001, and **** p -value < 0.00001. (B) Deficiency in NER factors sensitizes cells to ROS-induced death . XPA, XPF, XPD, and CSB knockouts and wild-type HT1080 cells were treated with H 2 O 2 at the indicated concentrations for 1 h, followed by 17 h recovery. Cell viability was assessed using the Alamar blue assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD from 3 replicates and normalized to a vehicle control. (C) NER deficiency leads to DPC accumulation in H 2 O 2 treated cells . ROS-DPC formation was examined by treating XPA, XPF-, XPD-, CSB-KO-, and WT HT1080 cells with 200 μM H 2 O 2 for 1 h. DPCs were quantified using the K-SDS assay. Data are represented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Analysis was performed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p -value < 0.05). The asterisks indicate t-test p -values from one-way ANOVA with * p -value < 0.05, ** p -value < 0.01, *** p -value < 0.001, and **** p -value < 0.00001. (D) TC NER is involved in ROS-DPC removal . CSB KO and wild-type HT1080 cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, 250, and 300 μM H 2 O 2 for 1 h. DPCs were quantified using the K-SDS assay and quantified using the Promega QuantiFluor dsDNA assay. Data are represented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates. Analysis was performed via a one-way ANOVA and an unpaired t-test (* p -value < 0.05). The asterisks indicate t-test p -values from one-way ANOVA with * p -value < 0.05, ** p -value < 0.01, *** p -value < 0.001, and **** p -value < 0.00001.

Article Snippet: Human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells ( ) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; CCL-121, https://www.atcc.org/ ).

Techniques: Alamar Blue Assay, Control, dsDNA Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Living Cells Employ Ubiquitin-Proteasomal System and Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathways to Remove Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks (ROS-DPCs)

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.06.704426

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Chemical structure of Ψ-GSH . (B) HT1080 cells were pre-treated with increasing GSH concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 1 mM) for 24 h before a 1 h treatment with 200 μM H 2 O 2 . DPCs were quantified via the K-SDS assay. Data are presented as the mean ± SD values of three independent experiments. Ψ-GSH treatment groups were compared with either the untreated control or the H 2 O 2 groups using one-way ANOVA and unpaired t-test analyses. Asterisks denote the degree of statistical significance (*: p -value < 0.05, **: p -value < 0.01, ***: p -value < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells ( ) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; CCL-121, https://www.atcc.org/ ).

Techniques: Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: HT1080 cells stably expressing pHLuorin_M153R-CD63-mScarlet were seeded onto glass bottom MatTek plates and imaged live. Images were taken every 10 s.

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: The indicated HT1080 cell types were induced to form spheroids and then mixed into 3D type I collagen. Spheroids were imaged every 30 min for 8 hr. Scale bar = 100 mm.

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative confocal image of HT1080 cells stained with phalloidin-Alexa fluor 488 and CD63 shown in red. The red channel has been edited using brightness and contrast tools for ease of visibility. Note the localization of the exosome marker CD63 in extracellular deposits and at or near the tips of filopodia (arrowheads). Representative of 20 images. Scale bar is 10 mm in each panel. ( B ) Time series of pHluorin-M153R-CD63-mScarlet movie in HT1080 cells. Yellow arrowheads indicate fusion sites and yellow arrows indicate filopodia. Note a filopodium forming shortly after MVE fusion. ( C ) Representative kymographs showing MVE docking (red), fusion (yellow), and filopodia formation in HT1080 cells. Yellow arrowheads denote MVE fusion events, and black arrowheads denote the formation of a filopodium. Each pixel is 10 s x 0.2857 mm. ( D ) Quantification of the time elapsed between MVE fusion and filopodia formation. n=420 kymographs from 46 cells from three independent experiments (biological replicates). ( E ) Primary cortical neurons were co-transfected with GFP-Rab27b (green) and mCherry as a filler to visualize filopodia (red) on DIV 5 and fixed for imaging on DIV 6. SV2 negative staining (no signal) identifies these structures as filopodia instead of dendritic spines. Arrows in merged images indicate localization of GFP-Rab27b to tips and bases of filopodia. Scale bars = 5 µm. ( F ) Percent GFP-Rab27b localization to tips and bases of filopodia in 70 individual cortical neurons from three independent experiments (biological replicates). Red line indicates the median. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001.

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Staining, Marker, Transfection, Imaging, Negative Staining

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) WB of Rab27a KD in HT1080 cell lysates. ( B ) TEM of SEVs (purified by cushion DG) and LEVs from HT1080 cells. Scale bar = 200 nm in each image. ( C ) Secretion rates of SEVs from HT1080 cell lines (N=3). Nanoparticle tracking analysis traces of SEVs from shScr and shRab27a HT1080 cells showing size (diameter) distribution of SEVs and particles/mL/cell. ( D ) Representative images showing filopodia in control and Rab27a-KD H1080 cells. Images have been edited with brightness and contrast tools for ease of visibility. Scale bars in wide field and zoom insets = 10 mm. ( E ) Quantification of filopodia in control and Rab27a-KD HT1080 cell lines. ≥20 cells per condition per biological replicate, from three biological replicates. ( F ) Data from graph in E displayed as filopodia per cell. ( G ) Data in displayed as filopodia per cell. ( H ). Data from displayed as filopodia per cell. ( I ) Data from displayed as filopodia per cell. ( J ) Data from displayed as filopodia per cell. ( K ) Cell areas of cells used for quantification in . Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001. Figure 2—figure supplement 2—source data 1. PDF file containing the original western blots from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 2—figure supplement 2—source data 2. Original files for western blot analysis displayed in .

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Purification, Control, Western Blot

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Western blot of Endoglin KD in HT1080 cells. ( B ) Nanoparticle tracking analysis traces of SEVs purified from shScr and shEng HT1080 cells showing size distribution (diameter) of SEVs and particles/mL/cell (N=3 biological replicates). ( C ) SEV secretion rates of HT1080 shScr and shEng HT1080 cells. ( D ) Representative images of HT1080 shScr and shEng cells. Images have been edited with brightness and contrast for ease of visibility. Scale bar in wide field and zoom insets = 10 mm. ( E ) Quantitation of filopodia density for control and shEng HT1080 cells.≥20 cells per condition per biological replicate, from four biological replicates. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001. Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1. PDF file containing the original western blots from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 2. Original files for western blot analysis displayed in .

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Western Blot, Purification, Quantitation Assay, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Cartoon diagram of metastatic colony assay in avian embryos. On day 0, fluorescent HT1080 cells were injected (100,000 cells per egg) into the vein of the chicken embryo. On day 4, the egg was opened, the embryo was sacrificed, and a circular tool was used to punch holes through the shell. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was peeled away from the shell, placed on a glass slide with a coverslip, and immediately imaged. The cartoon was created using BioRender.com . ( B ) Representative low power wide field images of colony formation in the CAM. Scale bar = 200 mm. ( C ) Representative high-power wide field images of colony formation in the CAM. Scale bar = 100 mm. ( D, E ) Quantification of CAM colony number ( D ) and size ( E ) from high-power images as in C. 4–7 eggs were harvested per replicate for each condition for three biological replicates. ( D ) Colony number is graphed per field of view using 25–30 fields of view per egg. ( E ) Quantification of the percent of large (≥5000 mm 2 ) colonies formed by control and shEng HT1080 cells. ( F ) 3D invasion in collagen. HT1080 cell spheroids were seeded in collagen gels and imaged for 8 hr. Invasion is quantified as fold area increase in the size of each spheroid over 8 hr. Scale bar = 100 mm. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; *p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001.

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Colony Assay, Injection, Membrane, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Native gel Western blot of B16F1 SEVs. ( B ) Standard western blot of HT1080 SEVs. ( C ) Western blot of cortical neuron total cell lysate (TCL) and SEVs. ( D ) Representative images and quantitation of filopodia number in control (lipofectamine) and THSD7A-mScarlet-transfected HT1080 cells. Arrowheads indicate THSD7A at the ends of filopodia (white arrowheads) or in extracellular deposits (red arrowheads). Scale bars in wide field and zoom insets = 10 mm. ( E ) (Left) Western blot of control shRNA (NTC) and shTHSD7A (C-04, C05, C-06) - expressing HT1080 cell lines. Vinculin is used as a loading control and numbers below the blot indicate normalized THSD7A levels. (Right) Filopodia counts in control and shTHSD7A HT1080 cells. ≥20 cells per condition per biological replicate, from three biological replicates. ( F ) THSD7A coated coverslips rescue filopodia defect in shEng B16F1 and HT1080 cells.≥20 cells per condition per biological replicate, from three biological replicates. ( G, H ) Cortical neurons were transfected with a FLAG-THSD7A expression vector or vector control, fixed, and stained with an antibody against THSD7A, and imaged by confocal microscopy. ( G ) Representative images. Arrows indicate THSD7A localization to the tips of filopodia. Scale bar = 5 mm. ( H ) Quantification of filopodia in neurons expressing FLAG-THSD7A or control vector. n=42 neurons from three separate experiments (biological replicates). ( I ) Rescue of filopodia numbers in shHrs neurons plated on dishes coated with various concentrations of recombinant human THSD7A, as indicated. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001. Figure 6—source data 1. PDF file containing the original western blots and Ponceau stain from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 6—source data 2. Original files for western blot and Ponceau analysis displayed in . Figure 6—source data 3. PDF file containing the original western blots from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 6—source data 4. Original files for western blot analysis displayed in . Figure 6—source data 5. PDF file containing the original western blots from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 6—source data 6. Original files for western blot analysis displayed in . Figure 6—source data 7. PDF file containing the original western blots from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 6—source data 8. Original files for western blot analysis displayed in .

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitation Assay, Control, Transfection, shRNA, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Recombinant

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Western blot analysis of total cell lysates (TCL) and SEVs from HT1080 control and shEng cells +/-rescue with WT endoglin or control expression vectors. The figure was made from cropped images of membranes to remove irrelevant lanes. ( B ) Quantification of endoglin expression (normalized to flotillin-1 as a loading control, and relative to shScr control) from triplicate Western blots as in A. ( C ) Quantification of THSD7A expression (relative to flotillin-1 as a loading control, and relative to shScr control) from triplicate Western blots as in A. ( D ) Quantification of filopodia in HT1080 control cells and shEng cells rescued with WT endoglin expression. N=3, at least 30 total cells per condition. ( E ) Representative confocal images of THSD7A-mScarlet-expressing control and shEng HT1080 cells immunostained for CD63. Box 1 shows extracellular THSD7A and CD63 deposits. Box 2 shows intracellular CD63-positive MVEs. For both boxes, the zoomed images have been adjusted for brightness and contrast (to equivalent levels for control and shEng cells) for easy visualization. Note that the overlap of THSD7A (magenta) and CD63 (green) gives a white signal, pointed out with white arrowheads in the shEng merged image in Zoom 2. Scale bar is 10 mm in wider field view and 5 mm in zoom insets. ( F ) Quantification of colocalization of internal CD63 and mScarlet signals in HT1080 cells from nonadjusted images.≥20 cells per condition per biological replicate, from three biological replicates. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001. Figure 7—source data 1. PDF file containing the original western blots from , indicating the relevant bands. Figure 7—source data 2. Original files for western blot analysis displayed in .

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Expressing

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation

doi: 10.7554/eLife.101673

Figure Lengend Snippet: Control and endoglin-KD HT1080 cells were plated on coverslips coated with poly-D-lysine (PDL) or THSD7A. In some cases, cells were treated with the Cdc42 inhibitor ML141 (10 µM) or transfected with the dominant active Cdc42 mutant Q61L, as indicated.≥20 cells per condition per biological replicate, from three biological replicates. Error bars, SEM. ns, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001.

Article Snippet: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC CCL-121) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine growth serum (BGS).

Techniques: Control, Transfection, Mutagenesis